Revue
Française de Science Politique volume 58 n°5 2008 |
Le droit lĠassistance
sociale lĠpreuve du local
LĠassistance sociale en
France est lĠÏuvre de la Rpublique. Celle-ci a consolid un droit lĠassistance
partir du territoire communal, tandis que paralllement sĠdifiait sur une
base professionnelle un droit la Ç scurit sociale È. LĠassistance,
toutefois, tait pense comme un simple secours, toujours prcaire et de faible
niveau. Deux mouvements sont venus modifier ce paysage : la multiplication
partir des annes 1970-1980 de minima sociaux et les lois dites de dcentralisation
(1982-1983 et 2003-2004). Le premier brouille les frontires entre Ç assurance È
et Ç assistance È. Le second compromet la vision rpublicaine de lĠassistance
elle-mme.
Social
Welfare Right and Decentralisation Policies in France
In
France, social welfare is the work of the Republic, which has striven to
centralise a right to be assisted, traditionally set up by parishes. On the
other hand, a right to Social Security was legally built and implemented
through companies and professional bindings. Assistance, however, was always
thought as an occasional and precarious relief of a limited amount. Two
evolutions have come to modify this organisation : the widening realm of ÒguaranteedÓ
social benefits, starting in the 70s-80s, and the so-called decentralisation
policies (in 1982-1983 and in 2003-2004). Today the former blurs the boundaries
between insurance and assistance, while the latter compromises the republican
vision of social welfare itself.
Sociogense dĠun mode de
gouvernance territoriale. Le cas dĠun Contrat ducatif local
Depuis plus de vingt ans, lĠaction
publique connat un changement de posture dĠintervention dont rend bien compte
le dveloppement de contrats territoriaux liant lĠtat, ses services dconcentrs
et les collectivits locales. DĠun ct, lĠtat impose le cadre des ngociations
et la mthode de travail. De lĠautre, il laisse aux instances Ç les plus
proches du terrain È le soin de slectionner les problmes traiter et
les rponses apporter. Faut-il y voir une forme de Ç laisser-faire
institu È gnrant la fragmentation inluctable des politiques labores ?
LĠlaboration du Contrat ducatif local de Toulouse montre, au contraire,
comment la mthode procdurale, utilise par lĠtat, remodle les relations
politico-institutionnelles territoriales et suscite un important changement du
gouvernement des affaires publiques. Plus largement, cette recherche interroge
les dploiements, les principes et les effets dĠun mode de Ç pilotage non
autoritaire des conduites È dont la gouvernance constitue un terrain dĠtude
privilgi.
Local
Governance in France. The Case of a ÒContrat EducatifÓ in Toulouse
Over
the last 20 years or more, the ways in which public action is organised have
been subject to change. The development of contracts between the State, its
various services and the local authorities is a very good example of this
process. On the one hand, the State imposes ways of working and the framework
within which the negotiations are to take place, on the other, it leaves the
choice of the problems to be dealt with and their resolution to local Òcommunity
workersÓ. Could this be conceived of as a sort of Òlaissez-faireÓ which will
inevitably lead to the fragmentation of welfare policy ? The setting up of
the local ÒContrat EducatifÓ in Toulouse, shows that quite the opposite is
true, and that the StateĠs initiatives bring about the reorganisation of
territorial relations on a political and institutional level, leading to
important changes in the way public policy is carried out. On a more general
level, this research investigates the setting up, the basic principles and the
impact of a Ònon directiveÓ implementation of welfare action. The ways in which
this type of policy is administered is an extremely fruitful subject for
research.
Adaptation et
apprentissage : les forces terrestres amricaines et la
contre-insurrection en Irak
La contre-insurrection
est dsormais au cÏur des dbats sur la guerre en Irak, autant pour ses
implications militaires que politiques et institutionnelles. Contredisant les
prvisions sur la rsistance des institutions militaires terrestres des tats-Unis
adopter des mthodes Ç irrgulires È, de nombreuses rformes
conceptuelles, organisationnelles et oprationnelles sont intervenues depuis
2003. Ë partir dĠun important matriel empirique, cet article considre ainsi
la dynamique dĠapprentissage et dĠadaptation qui en est la cause.
Adaptation
and Learning : US Army and Marines, and Counterinsurgency in Iraq
In
the last two years, counterinsurgency has become a central issue in the debates
concerning the US presence in Iraq, due to its political, military and
institutional implications. Unlike the theoretical expectations regarding the
unwillingness of American services to adopt irregular warfare, many conceptual,
organizational and operational reforms occurred since 2003, leading to a
contingent construct. Drawing on empirical evidences, this article wants to
highlight the role of organizational learning and adaptation in the
construction of counterinsurgency in US Army and Marines.
Comprendre la dlibration
parlementaire. Une approche praxologique de la politique en action
La dmarche praxologique,
fonde sur lĠethnomthodologie et lĠanalyse de conversation, permet une
approche analytique de la dlibration en contexte parlementaire, qui ne cde
pas lĠabstraction mal place. LĠabstraction mal place idalise la dlibration,
en la retirant presque entirement de lĠordre normal et des cadres quotidiens dĠinteraction.
De ce point de vue, ce qui se passe dans une instance parlementaire ne peut tre
compris quĠen rfrence avec un mcanisme plus vaste de fabrication de la dcision.
LĠapproche praxologique parat particulirement mme de dcrire cette spcificit
de pratiques situes, centres sur un site, et en mme temps inscrites dans un
rseau o se fabriquent les opinions intersubjectivement valides. Ce rseau est
un rseau dialogique.
On
Deliberative Politics in Action. A Praxiological Stance
Praxiological
analysis, as grounded in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, favours an
approach to deliberation in parliamentary contexts which does not yield to
awkward abstraction. Awkward abstraction idealizes deliberation through its
nearly total withdrawal from the normal order and everyday frames of
interaction. From this point of view, what happens within a parliamentary
setting must be understood in reference to the broader mechanism of decision
crafting. Praxiological analysis is especially capable to describe the
specificity of practices which are situated, i.e. practices centred on a
particular site, and at the same time embedded within a network where
intersubjectively valid opinions are produced. This network is dialogical.
Ce que les science
studies font la science politique. Rponse Bruno Latour
Dans le prcdent numro
de la Revue franaise de science politique, Bruno Latour propose que les
science studies et la science politique unissent leurs efforts pour
travailler sur des objets communs selon une approche renouvele de ce que sont Ç science È
et Ç politique È. Pierre Favre rpond ces propositions en accordant
dĠabord lĠauteur que les deux disciplines ont de nombreux objets dĠtude en
commun, mme si certaines perspectives divergent notablement. Mais il refuse de
suivre B. Latour sur les prsupposs majeurs qui fondent son approche. Il
conteste lĠaffirmation de Latour selon laquelle on ne peut distinguer Ç science È
et Ç politique È qui nĠauraient pas de domaines distincts. Il sĠoppose
la conception latourienne dĠune science finalement dpouille de toute
capacit cognitive. Ë suivre cette version extrme des science studies,
la science politique perdrait toute scientificit. Latour lui-mme ne semble
pas pouvoir mettre en application son propre programme, en ralit autorfutant.
What
Science Studies Do to Political Science. A reply to Bruno Latour
In
the previous number of the Revue franaise de science politique, Bruno
Latour proposes that science studies and political science unite their efforts
to work on common objects according to a renewed approach of Ç science È
and Ç politics È. Pierre Favre answers these propositions by granting
at first to the author that both disciplines have numerous objects of study in
common, even if certain perspectives diverge outstandingly. But he refuses to
follow Latour on the major presuppositions of his approach. He disputes the
assertion of Latour according to which we cannot distinguish Ç science È
and Ç politics È which would have no different domains. He disagrees
with the Latour conception of a science finally deprived of any cognitive
capacity. To follow this extreme version of science studies, political science
would not be scientific any more. Latour does not seem itself to be able to
apply its own program, actually self-refuting.
VOLUME 58 |
NUMRO
5 |
Octobre 2008 |
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ARTICLES |
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Le droit
lĠassistance sociale lĠpreuve du local |
Blandine Destremau,
Michel Messu |
713 |
||
Sociogense dĠun mode de gouvernance territoriale. Le cas dĠun Contrat
ducatif local |
Ingrid Volry |
743 |
||
Adaptation et apprentissage : les
forces terrestres amricaines et la contre-insurrection en Irak |
Stphane Taillat |
773 |
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Comprendre la dlibration parlementaire. Une
approche praxologique de la politique en action |
Jean-Nol
Ferri,
Baudouin
Dupret
Vincent
Legrand |
795 |
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CONTROVERSE |
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Ce que les science studies font la science
politique. Rponse Bruno Latour |
Pierre
Favre |
817 |
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LECTURES CRITIQUES |
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LĠAllemagne aux
prises avec ses passs
|
Pascal Dcarpes |
831 |
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COMPTES RENDUS |
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Mario Tlo, Relations Internationales. Une perspective europenne Sebastian Santander, Le rgionalisme sud-amricain. L'Union
europenne et les tats-Unis |
Jean-Louis Quermonne |
833 |
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Wouter van der Brug, Cees van der Eijk
(eds), European Elections and Domestic
Politics. Lessons from the Past and Scenarios for the Future |
Emmanuelle Reungoat |
836 |
||
Bruno Palier, Yves Surel, et al., LĠEurope en action. LĠeuropanisation
dans une perspective compare |
Mathieu
Petithomme |
837 |
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lonore Lpinard, LĠgalit introuvable.
La parit, les fministes et la Rpublique |
Brengre
Marques-Pereira |
840 |
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Christophe
Broqua, Agir pour ne pas mourir ! Act Up, les homosexuels et le sida |
Emmanuelle
Bouilly |
842 |
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REVUE DES REVUES |
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845 |
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