Revue
Française de Science Politique volume 58 n°6 2008 |
De la responsabilitE
De la
responsabilit pnale lՎthique de responsabilit. Le cas des crivains
Comme la
montr Michel Foucault, la notion de responsabilit est consubstantielle de lՎmergence
de la figure de lՎcrivain moderne. Cet article analyse les conditions
historiques dՎlaboration, en France, dune thique de la responsabilit
fondatrice de lengagement politique des crivains en rapport avec la dfinition
pnale de la responsabilit de lauteur. tay sur une tude des dbats
parlementaires autour de la lgislation sur la libert de presse, sur les procs
dՎcrivains de la Restauration la Libration et sur leur rception dans la
presse, il prend pour cadre de rfrence thorique lapproche sociologique plus
gnrale de la responsabilit dveloppe par Paul Fauconnet, notamment la
distinction entre responsabilit objective et subjective, en lappliquant aux
crimes crits.
From Legal Responsibility to an Ethics of Responsibility.
The Writers Case
As Michel Foucault has argued, the notion of
responsibility is a fundamental aspect of the emergence of the figure of the
modern writer. This article analyzes the historical conditions for the
development, in France, of an ethics of responsibility founding the political
commitment of writers, in relation to the legal definition of auctorial
responsibility. Based on a study of parliamentary debates on the freedom of the
press, on literary trials from the Restauration till the Liberation, and on their
reception in the newspapers, it draws, theoretically, on Paul Fauconnets
sociological approach of responsibility, namely the distinction between
objective and subjective responsibility, applying it to written crimes.
La
responsabilit collective et ses implications
Une action collective a lieu lorsque les membres dun
groupe agissent la lumire dun co-engagement marquant lintention de raliser
une action en tant que groupe. Certains membres du groupe, ayant t investis
de cette autorit par les autres qui leur ont abandonn cette tche, peuvent
avoir dtermin lintention collective en question. Ceci implique quun
collectif peut tre moralement responsable, et que la responsabilit dun
collectif na aucune implication logique sagissant de la responsabilit morale
de lun (ou plusieurs) des individus qui composent le
collectif.
Collective Moral Responsibility and its Implications for
Group Members
A collective action occurs when
members of a collective act in light of a joint commitment to intend as a body
to perform some action. Some members may have determined the relevant
collective intention having been given the authority to do so by the others,
who left such matters in their hands. This implies that a collective can be morally
responsible, and that the responsibility of a given collective has no logical
implications for the moral responsibility of one (or more) individual members
of the collective.
Responsabilit collective, justice rparatrice
et droit pnal international
Cet
article prsente la thse selon laquelle les institutions et les organisations
internationales ne peuvent se contenter dune conception rtributiviste de la
justice pnale. Les crimes internationaux, les crimes de guerre et les crimes
contre lhumanit sont des crimes qui touchent des collectivits et exigent une
rparation du lien social. La justice rparatrice sert cet objectif sans
marginaliser les offenses commises. Elle est ici dfendue sur la base dune
conception de la responsabilit collective qui va dans deux directions :
de la communaut internationale aux accuss et des accuss vers la communaut
internationale.
Collective Responsibility, Restorative Justice, and
International Criminal Law
This article presents the thesis according to which
international institutions and organizations cannot be satisfied with a
retributivist conception of punitive justice. International crimes, war crimes,
and crimes against humanity are crimes against groups and demand a reparation
of the social link. Restorative justice pursues this aim, without diminishing
wrongs which have been committed. It is defended here on the basis of a
conception of collective responsibility which runs in two ways : from the
international community to the accused, and from the accused to the
international community.
la
recherche dune responsabilit du contrle
Trois
cas diffrents survenus aux tats-Unis dans lesquels la responsabilit de
certains individus a t mise en cause – dans une grande entreprise,
dans lՃglise catholique et dans larme – mettent en lumire les
logiques de distribution de responsabilit au sein des organisations. En
attirant lattention sur les failles institutionnelles, en particulier sur le
contrle rtrospectif (gnralement nglig), il ne sagit pas de disqualifier
lide de responsabilit morale individuelle au profit dune vague notion de
responsabilit collective. Mais plutt que se focaliser sur la responsabilit
individuelle de ceux qui ont commis les fautes, il importe de se proccuper de
celle des superviseurs qui les ont laiss advenir. Car cest bien sur des
individus que repose la responsabilit de mettre en place et de garantir les
conditions dun contrle adquat lintrieur de linstitution.
Oversight Responsibility
Three different US cases in
which some individuals have been taken responsible – in a big
corporation, in the Catholic Church, and in the Army – have shed
light on the ways through which responsibility is distributed in organizations.
In bringing attention to institutional failures, and especially to the
neglected retrospective type of oversight, the idea is not to abandon the idea
of individual moral responsibility in favour of some notion of collective
responsibility. There must be a shift in focus away from individual
responsibility for committing the primary offences to individual responsibility
for failing to monitor the institutional practices that permit those offences.
It is still individuals whom we should hold responsible for creating and
maintaining the conditions for proper institutional oversight.
Scandales
et redfinitions de la responsabilit politique. La dynamique des affaires de
sant et de scurit publiques
Dans
les annes 1990 en France, la suite de laffaire du sang contamin ,
une srie de scandales semble pointer de nouveaux risques sanitaires
pour lesquels des dcideurs politiques devraient dsormais tre jugs comme
politiquement mais aussi pnalement responsables. Ces mises en cause napparaissent
nanmoins pas naturellement . Elles sinscrivent dans le sillage
des scandales politico-financiers qui ont, en quelques annes, redfini lespace
des possibles. Cet article explore tout dabord la construction collective dune
nouvelle responsabilit politique en matire de risques publics, indissociable
des rapports que nouent diffrents types dacteurs intervenant dans les
scandales. On interroge ensuite les stratgies que les hommes politiques dploient
pour tenter de maintenir ou de restaurer leur lgitimit dans ce contexte.
Scandals and Changes of Political Responsibility.
Redefinitions in Context of Public Health and Securitys Cases in France
In France in the 1990s, after the blood
contamination case , a series of scandals seem to reveal new risks for
public health and security for which public authorities should be held
politically and criminally responsible. Far from being natural ,
these assignments of responsibility are made possible by the changes in
perceptions deriving from previous financial-political scandals. The first
section of this article explores the collective construction of a new political
responsibility regarding public risks, in relation to the interdependences and
confrontations linking various types of actors involved in the scandals. The
second section analyzes the strategies that political actors develop in order
to maintain or to restore their legitimacy in this context.
Soigner
en situation de risque judiciaire. Refus de transfusion et responsabilit mdicale
Comment
penser la responsabilit mdicale dans nos socits ? Quelle marge dautonomie
accorder aux patients dans les soins ? Quel degr de contrainte peut-on lgitimement
leur imposer quand leur vie biologique est menace ? Quel statut accorder
la pratique religieuse dans la conduite des soins ? Larticle sappuie sur
une tude de cas – le refus de transfusion des Tmoins de Jhovah –
pour analyser les transformations politiques de la mdecine qui ont conduit
aujourdhui de nombreux mdecins anesthsistes aborder cette situation de
soins comme une situation risque judiciaire. Il tudie, en sappuyant sur une
enqute et des observations ethnographiques, les diffrentes postures adoptes
par les mdecins qui y sont confronts.
Medical Care and Judicial Risk. Blood Transfusions
Refusal and Medical Responsibility
How should one conceive medical responsibility in our
societies ? What is the degree of autonomy that should be recognized to
patients in the medical process ? What is the amount of constraint that
may be imposed on them when their life is at stake ? What is the status of
religious practice in the conduct of medical care ? The article is based
on a case study – the refusal of Jehovah Witnesses to accept blood
transfusion – with the aim of analyzing the political
transformations of medicine leading many anesthetists to consider this case as
a situation implying a judicial risk. It studies, on the basis of ethnographic
observations, the different positions that medical practionners facing that situation have come
to adopt.
VOLUME 58 |
NUMRO 6 |
dEcembre 2008
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DE LA RESPONSABILIT |
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Usages de la responsabilit. Introduction |
Bertrand Guillarme
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873 |
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De
la responsabilit pnale lՎthique de responsabilit. Le cas des crivains |
Gisle Sapiro
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877 |
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La
responsabilit collective et ses implications |
Margaret Gilbert
|
899 |
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Responsabilit
collective, justice rparatrice et droit pnal international |
Christian Nadeau
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915 |
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la recherche dune responsabilit du contrle |
Dennis F. Thompson
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933 |
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Scandales
et redfinitions de la responsabilit politique. La dynamique des affaires de
sant et de scurit publiques |
Violaine Roussel
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953 |
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Soigner
en situation de risque judiciaire. Refus de transfusion et responsabilit mdicale |
Janine Barbot
|
985 |
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LECTURES
CRITIQUES |
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Sur
quelques aspects du retour du contexte dans lanalyse lectorale. En lisant La
dmocratie de l'abstention |
Bruno Cautrs
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1015 |
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la recherche du territoire. Lecture critique de quatre ouvrages sur la France
infranationale |
Andy Smith
|
1019 |
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Au-del
de la panique morale ..Regards
croiss sur deux socio-analyses des ghettos amricains et des banlieues franaises |
Julie Voldoire
|
1027 |
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COMPTES RENDUS |
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John Loughlin,
Subnational Government. The French Experience |
Romain Pasquier
|
1031 |
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Jay Rowell, Le totalitarisme au concret. Les politiques du logement en RDA |
Valrie Lozach |
1033 |
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Nadia Hilal, LEurosyndicalisme
par laction. Cheminots et routiers en Europe |
Magali Boumaza
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1035 |
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Olivier Dabne
(dir.), Amrique latine, les lections contre la dmocratie |
Jacobo Grajales
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1036 |
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Samuel M. Makinda, F. Wafula Okumu, The African Union.
Challenges of Globalization, Security, and Governance |
Julien Navarro
|
1040 |
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Luc E. Weber,
James J. Duderstadt (eds),
The Globalization of Higher Education |
Alessia Lefbure
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1041 |
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REVUE
DES REVUES |
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1045 |
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CORRESPONDANCE |
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1053 |
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